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For more than two years, manufacturers have not been able to immediately deduct their R&D expenses—and it’s taken a toll, particularly on small businesses.

What’s going on: For more than 70 years, the U.S. tax code allowed manufacturers to immediately deduct their R&D expenditures. But since the expiration of this key provision in 2022, manufacturers have been required to amortize their R&D costs over a period of years.

Why it’s important: As a direct result of the expiration, manufacturers’ tax bills have increased, according to a new NAM tax explainer released as part of the NAM’s “Manufacturing Wins ” campaign. This means manufacturers are now less able to conduct groundbreaking research and support well-paying R&D jobs.

Uneven playing field: The U.S. is now one of just two developed nations that requires the amortization of R&D expenses.

• The policy makes the U.S. less competitive against China, which offers companies a 200% “super deduction” for R&D costs.
• In 2022, the first full year after the expiration of immediate R&D expensing, the European Union’s R&D growth surpassed that of the U.S. for the first time in nearly a decade—and China’s R&D growth was triple that of the U.S.

What should be done: The NAM is calling on Congress to restore immediate R&D expensing, along with other pro-growth tax provisions.

The last word: “It is imperative that the U.S. tax code support job-creating, life-changing R&D,” said NAM Vice President of Domestic Policy Charles Crain. “Congress must act to bolster manufacturing innovation and American competitiveness by reinstating immediate R&D expensing.”

Consumer confidence fell dramatically in September to 98.7 from 105.6 in August. September’s decline was the largest since August 2021, with all five components of the index deteriorating.

The Present Situation Index, reflecting current business and labor market conditions, dropped 10.3 points to 124.3. The Expectations Index, which reflects consumers’ short-term outlook for income, business and labor market conditions, declined 4.6 points to 81.7, slightly above the recession signal threshold of 80. Consumers’ assessments of current business conditions turned negative, with only 18.8% of consumers saying business conditions were “good,” while views of the current labor market situation softened further. Consumers also felt more pessimistic about future labor market conditions, with more consumers anticipating fewer jobs to be available than more. Consumers also felt less positive about future business conditions and future income.

Consumers’ views of their current financial situation weakened further, with 18.0% anticipating income growth, down from 18.6% in August. Despite slower overall price increases, inflation expectations increased to 5.2% in September, but expectations for higher interest rates continued to decline. Buying plans for homes and new cars improved slightly, while purchase plans for big-ticket appliances were mixed. Despite the largely negative responses, concerns about a recession remained stable and low.

Kansas City Fed Manufacturing Survey: Manufacturing activity declined further in the Tenth District in September, but expectations for future activity stayed positive. The Tenth Federal Reserve District encompasses the western third of Missouri; all of Kansas, Colorado, Nebraska, Oklahoma and Wyoming; and the northern half of New Mexico. The month-over-month composite index fell from August but is up from July. The decline was primarily driven by durable goods, particularly machinery, transportation, nonmetallic mineral and wood manufacturing. All month-over-month indexes were negative and lower than last month’s readings, except the raw materials prices and inventories indexes. 

Volume of shipments and new orders fell somewhat, while production and backlogs declined substantially. The year-over-year composite index for factory activity reached its lowest level since September 2020, as production and new orders decreased substantially. The backlog of new orders decreased to its lowest level since June 2020. Employment levels fell moderately while capital expenditures stayed steady. On the other hand, the future composite index ticked up, as production and employment are expected to increase substantially.

This month, survey respondents were asked how they expect their current investment in technology to likely impact employment levels over the next year. A majority of firms (63%) said their technology investment will have no impact on employment, but around a quarter (23%) reported they expect a slight decrease, 11% expect a slight increase and 3% anticipate a substantial decrease. Firms were also asked if they’ve seen any change in the flow of job applicants per job opening since last year. About half of firms (45%) reported an increase in the number of job openings, while 32% did not have a change, 17% saw a decrease and 6% have not had any openings.

Richmond Fed Survey of Manufacturing Activity: Manufacturing activity in the Fifth District remained sluggish in September. The Fifth Federal Reserve District consists of Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas, the District of Columbia and most of West Virginia. The composite manufacturing index slipped from -19 in August to -21 in September. Among its components, shipments decreased from -15 to -18, new orders increased from -26 to -23, and employment dropped from -15 to -22. The vendor lead time index remained in negative territory but at the same level as August, and firms continued to report declining backlogs. Companies also grew slightly less pessimistic about local business conditions, but the index remained solidly in negative territory. The average growth rate of prices paid increased in September, while the rate of prices received decreased modestly.

Expectations for future shipments and new orders both decreased but remained positive, suggesting that firms still anticipate improvement in these areas. Meanwhile, expectations for backlogs improved but remained in negative territory. While the outlook for future local business conditions improved dramatically, the indicator also stayed negative. Firms continue to exhibit a more cautious approach to equipment and software spending, as expectations became more negative. On the other hand, spending on capital expenditures improved, but was still slightly negative.

S&P CoreLogic Case-Shiller Home Price Index: Housing prices have set new all-time highs once again. In July, the S&P CoreLogic Case-Shiller U.S. National Home Price NSA Index recorded a 5.0% annual gain, down from 5.5% in June. Similarly, the 10-City Composite saw an annual increase of 6.8% in July, a decrease from 7.4% the previous month, while the 20-City Composite rose 5.9% year-over-year, down from 6.5% in June. Among the 20 cities, New York again posted the highest annual gain at 8.8%, followed by Las Vegas at 8.2% and Los Angeles at 7.2%. Portland, Oregon, had the lowest annual increase at 0.8%, the same increase as the previous month.

On a month-over-month basis, the U.S. National Index increased 0.1% before seasonal adjustment and 0.2% after adjustment. The 20-City and 10-City Composites remained unchanged pre-adjustment, while both posted a 0.3% increase post-adjustment.

Despite the slowdown, home prices are still rising faster than inflation. There have been 14 consecutive record highs in the National Index after accounting for seasonality of home purchases. The growth has come at a cost, with all but two markets decelerating in July, eight markets seeing monthly declines and the slowest annual growth nationally in 2024.

S&P Flash Manufacturing PMI: The S&P Global Flash U.S. Manufacturing PMI dropped from 47.9 in August to 47, tumbling for the third consecutive month and at the steepest rate since June 2023. The largest negative contribution to the PMI came from new orders, which fell at the fastest rate since December 2022.

Manufacturing output dropped modestly for the second consecutive month but fell at a slower rate than August. Delivery times shortened to a degree not witnessed since February, which indicates spare supply chain capacity amid weakened demand. Factory production was also a drag on PMI, albeit less so than in August. Excluding the pandemic, the decline in factory jobs was the steepest since January 2010 as more firms reported the need to reduce operating capacity due to weak sales. Manufacturing input cost growth cooled to a six-month low thanks to lower energy prices and the spare supply chain capacity. Inventories were unchanged.

Drug price controls will “chill” critical innovation in pharmaceutical manufacturing and do nothing to address the underlying causes of high medication costs, Johnson & Johnson leaders said recently.

What’s going on: J&J Chairman and CEO Joaquin Duato and Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Joseph Wolk told Bloomberg TV earlier this month that the pharmaceutical price controls mandated by the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act do a disservice to patients everywhere.

• “[T]he Inflation Reduction Act … is something that is misguided, and it’s going to chill innovation,” Duato told Bloomberg’s David Gura earlier this month. “When you chill innovation on investment in [research and development], then you have [fewer] cures.”
• The IRA gave the federal government authority to set prices for certain prescription medications in Medicare. In August, the Biden administration released the first 10 Medicare prescription drugs subject to those price controls, which go into effect in 2026.
• “I’d like to see a much more fact-based dialogue around the topic of drug pricing,” Wolk added. “About six years ago, Johnson & Johnson … was paying about 25% in discounts and rebates off [the] list price [of medications]. Today, that [figure is] 60%, yet the patients aren’t receiving the benefit of those discounts.”

The background: Pharmacy benefit managers are supposed to pass the manufacturer discounts they receive on to health plans and patients—but instead, they frequently pocket the discounts, the NAM has told Congress on several occasions.

• That’s one of several problematic business practices Congress must end by enacting comprehensive PBM reform, the NAM has said.
• Such legislation would do far more to benefit consumers than capping drug prices.

Cause and effect: The result of price controls will be fewer breakthrough cures and treatments for patients suffering from various illnesses, J&J told Bloomberg TV.

• “The number of medicines that will be there will be [lower], just because [fewer] investors would be putting money into developing new medicines,” Duato continued. “It’s going to be less attractive for investors to put money there.”
• And as Wolk said in another Bloomberg segment: “Investing in R&D, prioritizing R&D years in advance for [a drug] that may happen 10 years down the road is critically important.”

What should be done: If Congress truly wants to help patients with the cost of medications, it must focus on “the middlemen who are really driving up prices: pharmacy benefit managers,” NAM President and CEO Jay Timmons said recently.

Existing home sales dipped 2.5% in August and fell 4.2% from August 2023. Housing inventory rose to 1.35 million units, reflecting a 0.7% increase from July and a 22.7% boost from last year. The median existing home price was $416,700, up 3.1% from last year, with all four U.S. regions reporting price increases.

Single-family home sales decreased 2.8% from July, with the median price increasing 2.9% from August 2023 to $422,100. Condo and co-op sales held steady month-over-month but declined 11.6% from the previous year, with the median price up 3.5% from the prior year to $354,200.

Homes were typically on the market for 26 days in August, up from July’s 24 days and 20 days in August 2023. First-time buyers made up 26% of sales, matching the all-time low from November 2021 and down from 29% in both July and a year ago. All-cash sales accounted for 26% of transactions in August, while investor purchases represented 19%. Distressed sales remained steady at 1%.

In the Northeast, existing home sales dropped 2.0% from July, with a median price of $503,200, up 7.7% from last year. The Midwest saw no change in sales month-over-month, but the median price rose to $315,400, a 3.8% increase from August 2023. In the South, sales fell 3.9% from July, with a median price of $367,000, reflecting a 1.6% year-over-year rise. The West reported a 2.7% sales decline from July and a 1.4% decrease from the previous year, with a median price of $622,500, up 2.2% from a year ago. The housing market remained sluggish with sales dipping across the country.

As part of its “Manufacturing Wins” campaign to preserve pro-manufacturing tax provisions, the NAM hosted a roundtable this week with Reps. Carol Miller (R-WV) and David Kustoff (R-TN)—respectively the chair and a member of the Ways and Means Committee Supply Chain Tax Team.

Preparing for 2025: The Supply Chain Tax Team has jurisdiction over the corporate income tax rate. Tax reform reduced the corporate rate to 21%, spurring the creation of thousands of new manufacturing jobs—and the NAM is working with Congress to ensure the U.S. maintains a competitive corporate rate as policymakers debate next year’s “tax Armageddon.” 

Understanding the benefits: Rep. Miller emphasized that the dollars saved due to tax reform’s lower corporate rate have supported job creation, higher wages and the flourishing of local communities.

• As a business owner herself, she said she believes it’s important for members of Congress in charge of tax policy to understand the risks businesses take, the communities they support and the certainty they need to be successful.

Measuring the impact: Rep. Kustoff emphasized the importance of real-world data on the benefits of the lower corporate tax rate—from the number of jobs created to the work businesses have done to provide their employees with bonuses and higher wages.

• According to Rep. Kustoff, real-world metrics are important for educating policymakers about the need for action, as crucial, pro-manufacturing tax provisions are set to expire at the end of 2025.

Recognizing the ripples: The discussion also touched on the wider impact of tax increases on global supply chains and the broader U.S. economy.

• Participants noted that a higher corporate income tax rate’s ripple effects would hurt companies throughout the economy—even when those companies are pass-throughs and not explicitly affected by the corporate income tax rate.
• That’s because these small businesses often sell to and partner with larger corporations that would have less capital available under a higher corporate rate.

Our take: “Prior to 2017 tax reform, the U.S. had the highest corporate tax rate among the more than three dozen countries in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development and the third highest in the entire world,” said NAM Vice President of Economic Policy Charles Crain.

• “That put manufacturers in America at an alarming disadvantage. A competitive tax rate helps business compete in the global economy, leads to job creation, investments and purchases of new equipment and allows manufacturers to give back to their communities.”
• “If Congress were to raise the corporate rate, it would force America to take a step back on the global stage—at a time when other countries around the world are implementing more competitive tax agendas.”

Finding a civilian job after serving in the military can be daunting. For former Army cavalry scout Jose Gallegos, the task was even more complicated because his spouse, Aleksandra Balinska-Gallegos, also needed a new position. Through Heroes MAKE America—a Manufacturing Institute program that builds connections between the military community and the manufacturing industry—both Gallegos and Balinska-Gallegos found rewarding roles in Pennsylvania with food and industrial manufacturer Cargill.

The program: Heroes MAKE America provides integrated certification and career-readiness training in partnership with local community colleges to prepare transitioning service members, veterans, National Guard members, reservists and military spouses for rewarding careers in the manufacturing and supply chain industries.

• “The program not only introduces you to the manufacturing world—it prepares you for everything that is around it,” said Balinska-Gallegos. “How to correctly write your resume, how to match a military background with civilian life, how to translate military vocabulary to civilian vocabulary. And from writing a resume to emailing with potential employers and preparing for interviews—it was a little bit of everything.”

The benefit: The program helped both spouses at the same time—a huge benefit for Gallegos, who was looking for opportunities in the civilian world, and for Balinska-Gallegos, who had arrived with Gallegos from Lithuania and was worried about navigating the U.S. job market.

• “I was a completely new fresh military spouse,” said Balinska-Gallegos. “When Jose told me that there was an opportunity not only for him to go to the manufacturing program, but to also take his spouse—I was over the moon.”

Working nearby: Although they work in different plants—Gallegos as an operations and management associate at a meat production plant, and Balinska-Gallegos as an administrative assistant at a plant producing chocolate—their mentors at Heroes MAKE America helped ensure that the couple would work at the same company and in the same location.

• “He’s at a meat plant, and he loves beef. I’m at a chocolate plant, and I love chocolate,” said Balinska-Gallegos. “It’s perfect.”

Finding success: Although Gallegos’ work in the Army was very different from his role at Cargill, his supervisors have already noticed his leadership skills. While the approximately 60 other associates recruited this year are all college graduates, it’s Gallegos who has been called to take on bigger tasks.

• “After my first month, they started giving me supervisor responsibilities,” said Gallegos. “I’m shadowing managers and superintendents so I can learn from them, so … I can be in different areas of the plant.”

The last word: “I would have been very scared to start working in the U.S. without this kind of background, and I’m not sure what [Jose] would have done after leaving the Army if he didn’t go through the Heroes MAKE America program,” said Balinska-Gallegos. “That course prepared us immensely for this new life.”

Learn more: Find out more about Heroes MAKE America and the Manufacturing Institute, the workforce development and education affiliate of the NAM, here.

Photo: Jose Gallegos and Aleksandra Balinska-Gallegos with MI Director of Heroes Program Execution Rachelle Wolford (left).